The galaxy rotation problem A major piece of evidence for the presence of dark matter in the Universe, discovered by Vera Rubin from observations of galactic rotation curves in the 1970s. Pulsars Rapidly rotating neutron stars discovered by Jocelyn Bell Burnell in 1967. Astronomy and astrophysics Harvard Stellar Classification Scheme The first classification of stars based on their temperature, created by Annie Jump Cannon, used in publications up to 1924. Pertussis A pioneering female American doctor, medical researcher and an outspoken voice in the pediatric community, the supercentenarian Leila Alice Denmark (1898–2012) is credited as co-developer of the pertussis (whooping cough) vaccine. Child carriers Snugli and Weego were invented by nurse and peacekeeper Ann Moore first in the 1960s. Another diaper design was created by Valerie Hunter Gordon (née de Ferranti), who patented it in 1948. She also invented the first paper diapers, but executives did not invest in this idea and it was consequently scrapped for over ten years, until Procter & Gamble used Donovan's design ideas to create Pampers. Donovan patented her design (called 'Boaters') in 1951. Disposable diapers The first disposable diaper was invented in 1946 by Marion Donovan, a professional-turned-housewife who wanted to ensure her children's cloth diapers remained dry while they slept. Pediatrics Virginia Apgar Apgar score Invented in 1952 by Virginia Apgar. Vitamin E Katharine Bishop and Herbert McLean Evans co-discovered Vitamin E while studying the reproductive cycle of rats. AZT Gertrude Elion made foundational contributions to the development of AZT, one of the first antiretroviral medications used in the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS. Pyrimethamine was initially developed by Nobel Prize winning scientist Gertrude Elion as a treatment for malaria. Pyrimethamine Pyrimethamine, sold under the trade name Daraprim, is an anti-parasitic medication used to treat a variety of conditions including toxoplasmosis and isosporiasis. Mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine is a medication for cancer and autoimmune diseases including acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. Azathioprine Azathioprine is an Immunosuppressive drug used in rheumatoid arthritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and in kidney transplants to prevent rejection first synthesized by George H. Artemisinin is isolated from the plant Artemisia annua, sweet wormwood, a herb employed in Chinese traditional medicine. Artemisinin and dihydroartemisinin Tu Youyou discovered artemisinin and dihydroartemisinin, both now standard treatments for malaria. Elion contributed to the development of aciclovir, an antiviral drug used for the treatment of herpes simplex virus infections, chickenpox, and shingles. HIV Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montaigner discovered HIV, the cause of AIDS. Medicine Diseases Chemotherapy Jane Cooke Wright (1919–2013) was an oncologist who pioneered the use "chemotherapy" with the use of the drug methotrexate to treat breast cancer and skin cancer ( mycosis fungoids). This page aims to list inventions and discoveries in which women played a major role. This list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items.
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